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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ureaseinhibitoren</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ureaseinhibitoren</b> sind <a href="Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung">chemische Verbindungen</a>, die die Aktivität des <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzyms</a> <a href="Urease" title="Urease">Urease</a> reduzieren oder ganz verhindern. Es handelt sich chemisch um Phosphorsäurediamide, <a href="Phosphazene" title="Phosphazene">Phosphazene</a> und <a href="Thiolgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiolgruppe">Thiole</a>, sowie um <a href="Derivat_(Chemie)" title="Derivat (Chemie)">Derivate</a> der <a href="Hydroxams%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxamsäure">Hydroxamsäure</a> und des <a href="Harnstoff" title="Harnstoff">Harnstoffs</a>. Die Anwendungsgebiete sind in der <a href="Landwirtschaft" title="Landwirtschaft">Landwirtschaft</a>, der <a href="Medizin" title="Medizin">Medizin</a> und der Grundlagenforschung an dem Mechanismus der Inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-diss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Auch <a href="Schwermetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwermetall">Schwermetallionen</a> (am meisten <a href="Silber" title="Silber">Silber</a>, <a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Quecksilber</a>, <a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Kupfer</a>) und <a href="Kaliumazid" title="Kaliumazid">Kaliumazid</a> hemmen die Urease, können jedoch aufgrund ihrer <a href="Toxizit%C3%A4t" title="Toxizität">Toxizität</a> nicht eingesetzt werden. Die Anwendung von <a href="Ammoniumthiosulfat" title="Ammoniumthiosulfat">Ammoniumthiosulfat</a> scheitert an der Abhängigkeit von Bodeneigenschaften, was das Ergebnis unsicher macht.<sup id="cite_ref-oko_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oko-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>Phenylphosphorsäurediamid (PPD)</li>
<li>N-Butylthiophosphorsäuretriamid (NBTPT)</li>
<li>Monophenoxyphosphazen</li>
<li>β-<a href="Mercaptoethanol" title="Mercaptoethanol">Mercaptoethanol</a></li>
<li><a href="Acetohydroxams%C3%A4ure" title="Acetohydroxamsäure">Acetohydroxamsäure</a> (AHA)</li>
<li><a href="Thioharnstoff" title="Thioharnstoff">Thioharnstoff</a></li>
<li><a href="Hydroxyharnstoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyharnstoff">Hydroxyharnstoff</a><sup id="cite_ref-diss_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsgebiete">Anwendungsgebiete</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stickstoffverlust_nach_Düngerausbringung"><span id="Stickstoffverlust_nach_D.C3.BCngerausbringung"></span>Stickstoffverlust nach Düngerausbringung</h3></div>
<p><a href="Harnstoff" title="Harnstoff">Harnstoff</a> ist weltweit der am häufigsten eingesetzte <a href="Stickstoffd%C3%BCnger" title="Stickstoffdünger">Stickstoffdünger</a>. Bei Bodenkontakt zersetzt er sich innerhalb der Bodenlösung durch das ubiquitäre Enzym <a href="Urease" title="Urease">Urease</a> vollständig zu <a href="Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> und <a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> sowie <a href="Hydrogencarbonate" title="Hydrogencarbonate">Hydrogencarbonat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Urease zu den am schnellsten umsetzenden Enzymen gehört, erfolgt der komplette Harnstoffabbau nach einer Düngung innerhalb nur weniger Stunden bis maximal Tage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aufgrund der umsatzbedingten Förderung der Ammoniakbildung gehen mit einer Harnstoffdüngung, im Gegensatz zu anderen Mineraldüngerformen (bspw. <a href="Kalkammonsalpeter" title="Kalkammonsalpeter">Kalkammonsalpeter</a>, <a href="Ammoniumsulfat" title="Ammoniumsulfat">Ammoniumsulfat</a>), erhöhte Stickstoffverluste in Form von Ammoniak einher. Nach aktuellen Zahlen des European Emission Inventory Guidebook wird von einem mittleren Ammoniak-N-Verlust von 13 bis 17&nbsp;% bei Applikation eines reinen Harnstoffdüngers ausgegangen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuere Untersuchungen weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass der Ammoniak-Verlust nach einer Harnstoffdüngung unter Praxisbedingungen aufgrund von Witterungseinflüssen (geringe Temperatur, Niederschläge) sowie regional differenzierten Bodeneigenschaften sehr wahrscheinlich geringer ist.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch den Einsatz von Ureaseinhibitoren, welche den sonst raschen Harnstoffabbau für etwa 1 bis 2 Wochen verzögern, kann der mit Harnstoff assoziierte Ammoniak-Verlust um bis zu 90&nbsp;% reduziert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zusätzlich wird das Eindringen von Harnstoff in den <a href="Boden_(Bodenkunde)" title="Boden (Bodenkunde)">Boden</a> verbessert und damit die Stickstoffverfügbarkeit für die Pflanze weiter erhöht.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Abhängigkeit der jeweiligen Standortbedingungen (allg. Ertragsniveau, Witterung, Boden) sowie der verwendeten Dünungstechnologie und -terminierung ermöglicht der Einsatz von Ureaseinhibitoren somit eine Steigerung von Ertrag und N-Effizienz.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Darüber hinaus werden Ureaseinhibitoren oft mit <a href="Nitrifikationshemmer" title="Nitrifikationshemmer">Nitrifikationsinhibitoren</a> kombiniert, um durch die zusätzliche Minderung von Lachgas- und Nitrat-Verlusten Ertrag und N-Effizienz weiter zu optimieren.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeitgleich sollen auf diese Weise positive Effekte hinsichtlich Pflanzenwachstum und -gesundheit erzielt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unter langanhaltenden Ammoniak-Verlustbedingungen kann eine Doppelanwendung von Urease- und Nitrifikationsinhibitoren den Ammoniakminderungseffekt im Vergleich zu einer Einzelanwendung eines Ureaseinhibitors jedoch auch abschwächen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei unsachgemäßer Anwendung können Ureaseinhibitoren zu Blatt-Nekrosen führen, welche auf die vorübergehende Akkumulation von Harnstoff in den Blattspitzen zurückzuführen sind.<sup id="cite_ref-oko_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oko-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stickstoffverlust_in_gelagertem_Dünger"><span id="Stickstoffverlust_in_gelagertem_D.C3.BCnger"></span>Stickstoffverlust in gelagertem Dünger</h3></div>
<p>Bereits bei der Lagerung von Festmist und <a href="G%C3%BClle" title="Gülle">Gülle</a> treten Stickstoffverluste durch Ureaseaktivität auf. Hier werden Ureasehemmer wie PPDA und NBTPT zugesetzt, um eine langfristige Lagerfähigkeit zu erreichen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammoniakemission_aus_Stallmist">Ammoniakemission aus Stallmist</h3></div>
<p>Ammoniak ist auf mehrere Arten umweltschädlich und es existieren Vereinbarungen über <a href="Emissionsgrenzwert" title="Emissionsgrenzwert">Emissionsgrenzwerte</a>. Da etwa 80 Prozent der Ammoniakemissionen (basierend auf Zahlen in Deutschland aus dem Jahr 2005) aus der landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung stammen, ergibt sich eine Einsatzmöglichkeit für Ureasehemmer. Diese ist deshalb erfolgversprechender als bei der Düngung, weil die Bedingungen im Stall besser kontrolliert werden können. Eine Reduktion der Emissionen von 50&nbsp;Prozent konnte bereits in Versuchen erreicht werden.<sup id="cite_ref-diss_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathologische_ureasepositive_Keime">Pathologische ureasepositive Keime</h3></div>
<p>Ureasehemmer werden medizinisch bei der Bekämpfung von Keimen eingesetzt, die Harnstoff verstoffwechseln: <a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> im Magen sowie <a href="Proteus_(Gattung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteus (Gattung)">Proteus</a>, <a href="Klebsiella" title="Klebsiella">Klebsiella</a> und andere in den Harnwegen. In beiden Fällen ist die Ammoniakausscheidung für das Überleben des Bakteriums notwendig, und die Inhibition der Urease wäre das Mittel der Wahl, neben der generellen Anwendung von Antibiotika. Von den zwei Arzneistoffen, die von der FDA zugelassen sind, <a href="Acetohydroxams%C3%A4ure" title="Acetohydroxamsäure">Acetohydroxamsäure</a> und <a href="Hydroxyharnstoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyharnstoff">Hydroxyharnstoff</a>, sind starke Nebenwirkungen bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-diss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diss_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diss_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-diss_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Leinker: <i>Entwicklung einer Prinziplösung zur Senkung von Ammoniakemissionen aus Nutztierställen mit Hilfe von Ureaseinhibitoren.</i> Diss. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg 2007. <a href="Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000012809">nbn:de:gbv:3-000012809</a>(PDF)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-oko-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oko_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oko_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Schinner, Renate Sonnleitner: <i>Bodenökologie: Mikrobiologie und Bodenenzymatik Band III: Pflanzenschutzmittel, Agrarhilfsstoffe und Organische Umweltchemikalien.</i> Springer, 1997. ISBN 3-540-61025-1, S.&nbsp;10ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Svane, Jens Jakob Sigurdarson, Friedrich Finkenwirth, Thomas Eitinger, Henrik Karring: <cite style="font-style:italic">Inhibition of urease activity by different compounds provides insight into the modulation and association of bacterial nickel import and ureolysis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Scientific Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 22.&nbsp;Mai 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>8503</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65107-9">10.1038/s41598-020-65107-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+urease+activity+by+different+compounds+provides+insight+into+the+modulation+and+association+of+bacterial+nickel+import+and+ureolysis&amp;rft.au=Simon+Svane%2C+Jens+Jakob+Sigurdarson%2C+Friedrich+Finkenwirth%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2020-05-22&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-65107-9&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.pages=8503&amp;rft.volume=10" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jens Jakob Sigurdarson, Simon Svane, Henrik Karring: <cite style="font-style:italic">The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, Juni 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>241–258</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-018-9466-1">10.1007/s11157-018-9466-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=The+molecular+processes+of+urea+hydrolysis+in+relation+to+ammonia+emissions+from+agriculture&amp;rft.au=Jens+Jakob+Sigurdarson%2C+Simon+Svane%2C+Henrik+Karring&amp;rft.date=2018-06&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs11157-018-9466-1&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Environmental+Science+and+Bio%2FTechnology&amp;rft.pages=241-258&amp;rft.volume=17" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Kirschke, Oliver Spott, Doris Vetterlein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitor on NH 4 + and NO 3 − dynamic in soil after urea spring application under field conditions evaluated by soil extraction and soil solution sampling</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>182</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, Juni 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>441–450</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800513">10.1002/jpln.201800513</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Impact+of+urease+and+nitrification+inhibitor+on+NH+4+%2B+and+NO+3+%E2%88%92+dynamic+in+soil+after+urea+spring+application+under+field+conditions+evaluated+by+soil+extraction+and+soil+solution+sampling&amp;rft.au=Tobias+Kirschke%2C+Oliver+Spott%2C+Doris+Vetterlein&amp;rft.date=2019-06&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fjpln.201800513&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Nutrition+and+Soil+Science&amp;rft.pages=441-450&amp;rft.volume=182" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Hutchings et al.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019"><i>Crop production and agricultural soils.</i></a> In: <i>EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019.</i> European Environment Agency, 2019,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen im Jahr 2021</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AUreaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.title=Crop+production+and+agricultural+soils&amp;rft.description=Crop+production+and+agricultural+soils&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Femep-eea-guidebook-2019&amp;rft.creator=Hutchings+et+al.&amp;rft.publisher=European+Environment+Agency&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martine Schraml, Andreas Weber, Kurt Heil, Reinhold Gutser, Urs Schmidhalter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ammonia losses from urea applied to winter wheat over four consecutive years and potential mitigation by urease inhibitors</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>181</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, Dezember 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>914–922</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700554">10.1002/jpln.201700554</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Ammonia+losses+from+urea+applied+to+winter+wheat+over+four+consecutive+years+and+potential+mitigation+by+urease+inhibitors&amp;rft.au=Martine+Schraml%2C+Andreas+Weber%2C+Kurt+Heil%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2018-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fjpln.201700554&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Nutrition+and+Soil+Science&amp;rft.pages=914-922&amp;rft.volume=181" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Ohnemus, Oliver Spott, Enrico Thiel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Spatial distribution of urea induced ammonia loss potentials of German cropland soils</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geoderma</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>394</span>, Juli 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>115025</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115025">10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115025</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Spatial+distribution+of+urea+induced+ammonia+loss+potentials+of+German+cropland+soils&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Ohnemus%2C+Oliver+Spott%2C+Enrico+Thiel&amp;rft.btitle=Geoderma&amp;rft.date=2021-07&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2021.115025&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=115025&amp;rft.volume=394" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kang Ni, Henning Kage, Andreas Pacholski: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effects of novel nitrification and urease inhibitors (DCD/TZ and 2-NPT) on N2O emissions from surface applied urea: An incubation study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Atmospheric Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>175</span>, Februar 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>75–82</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.002">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.002</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+novel+nitrification+and+urease+inhibitors+%28DCD%2FTZ+and+2-NPT%29+on+N2O+emissions+from+surface+applied+urea%3A+An+incubation+study&amp;rft.au=Kang+Ni%2C+Henning+Kage%2C+Andreas+Pacholski&amp;rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Environment&amp;rft.date=2018-02&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2017.12.002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=75-82&amp;rft.volume=175" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marta Klimczyk, Anna Siczek, Lech Schimmelpfennig: <cite style="font-style:italic">Improving the efficiency of urea-based fertilization leading to reduction in ammonia emission</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Science of The Total Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>771</span>, Juni 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>145483</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145483">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145483</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Improving+the+efficiency+of+urea-based+fertilization+leading+to+reduction+in+ammonia+emission&amp;rft.au=Marta+Klimczyk%2C+Anna+Siczek%2C+Lech+Schimmelpfennig&amp;rft.btitle=Science+of+The+Total+Environment&amp;rft.date=2021-06&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.145483&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=145483&amp;rft.volume=771" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Dawar, M. Zaman, J. S. Rowarth, J. Blennerhassett, M. H. Turnbull: <cite style="font-style:italic">Urea hydrolysis and lateral and vertical movement in the soil: effects of urease inhibitor and irrigation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biology and Fertility of Soils</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, Februar 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>139–146</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-010-0515-3">10.1007/s00374-010-0515-3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Urea+hydrolysis+and+lateral+and+vertical+movement+in+the+soil%3A+effects+of+urease+inhibitor+and+irrigation&amp;rft.au=K.+Dawar%2C+M.+Zaman%2C+J.+S.+Rowarth%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2011-02&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00374-010-0515-3&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Fertility+of+Soils&amp;rft.pages=139-146&amp;rft.volume=47" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heitor Cantarella, Rafael Otto, Johnny Rodrigues Soares, Aijânio Gomes de Brito Silva: <cite style="font-style:italic">Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Advanced Research</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Biotechnological and medical relevance of ureases</cite>). <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13</span>, 1.&nbsp;September 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>19–27</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.008">10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.008</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Agronomic+efficiency+of+NBPT+as+a+urease+inhibitor%3A+A+review&amp;rft.au=Heitor+Cantarella%2C+Rafael+Otto%2C+Johnny+Rodrigues+Soares%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Research&amp;rft.date=2018-09-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jare.2018.05.008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=19-27&amp;rft.series=Biotechnological+and+medical+relevance+of+ureases&amp;rft.volume=13" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diego Abalos, Simon Jeffery, Alberto Sanz-Cobena, Guillermo Guardia, Antonio Vallejo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>189</span>, Mai 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>136–144</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.036">10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.036</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+the+effect+of+urease+and+nitrification+inhibitors+on+crop+productivity+and+nitrogen+use+efficiency&amp;rft.au=Diego+Abalos%2C+Simon+Jeffery%2C+Alberto+Sanz-Cobena%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&amp;rft.date=2014-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.agee.2014.03.036&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=136-144&amp;rft.volume=189" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resham Thapa, Amitava Chatterjee: <cite style="font-style:italic">Wheat Production, Nitrogen Transformation, and Nitrogen Losses as Affected by Nitrification and Double Inhibitors</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Agronomy Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>109</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, September 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1825–1835</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0415">10.2134/agronj2016.07.0415</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Wheat+Production%2C+Nitrogen+Transformation%2C+and+Nitrogen+Losses+as+Affected+by+Nitrification+and+Double+Inhibitors&amp;rft.au=Resham+Thapa%2C+Amitava+Chatterjee&amp;rft.date=2017-09&amp;rft.doi=10.2134%2Fagronj2016.07.0415&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Agronomy+Journal&amp;rft.pages=1825-1835&amp;rft.volume=109" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhipeng Sha, Xin Ma, Jingxia Wang, Tiantian Lv, Qianqian Li: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of N stabilizers on fertilizer-N fate in the soil-crop system: A meta-analysis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>290</span>, März 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>106763</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106763">10.1016/j.agee.2019.106763</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+N+stabilizers+on+fertilizer-N+fate+in+the+soil-crop+system%3A+A+meta-analysis&amp;rft.au=Zhipeng+Sha%2C+Xin+Ma%2C+Jingxia+Wang%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&amp;rft.date=2020-03&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.agee.2019.106763&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=106763&amp;rft.volume=290" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuncai Hu, Manuela P. Gaßner, Andreas Weber, Martine Schraml, Urs Schmidhalter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Direct and Indirect Effects of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors on N2O-N Losses from Urea Fertilization to Winter Wheat in Southern Germany</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Atmosphere</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>8</span>, 24.&nbsp;Juli 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>782</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080782">10.3390/atmos11080782</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Direct+and+Indirect+Effects+of+Urease+and+Nitrification+Inhibitors+on+N2O-N+Losses+from+Urea+Fertilization+to+Winter+Wheat+in+Southern+Germany&amp;rft.au=Yuncai+Hu%2C+Manuela+P.+Ga%C3%9Fner%2C+Andreas+Weber%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2020-07-24&amp;rft.doi=10.3390%2Fatmos11080782&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmosphere&amp;rft.pages=782&amp;rft.volume=11" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Marino, Idoia Ariz, Berta Lasa, Enrique Santamaría, Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantitative proteomics reveals the importance of nitrogen source to control glucosinolate metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Experimental Botany</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>67</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, Mai 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3313–3323</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb%2Ferw147">10.1093/jxb/erw147</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085186?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27085186</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892723/">PMC&nbsp;4892723</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Quantitative+proteomics+reveals+the+importance+of+nitrogen+source+to+control+glucosinolate+metabolism+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana+and+Brassica+oleracea&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Marino%2C+Idoia+Ariz%2C+Berta+Lasa%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2016-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferw147&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.pages=3313-3323&amp;rft.pmc=4892723&amp;rft.pmid=27085186&amp;rft.volume=67" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takushi Hachiya, Hitoshi Sakakibara: <cite style="font-style:italic">Interactions between nitrate and ammonium in their uptake, allocation, assimilation, and signaling in plants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Experimental Botany</cite>. 21.&nbsp;Dezember 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>erw449</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb%2Ferw449">10.1093/jxb/erw449</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Interactions+between+nitrate+and+ammonium+in+their+uptake%2C+allocation%2C+assimilation%2C+and+signaling+in+plants&amp;rft.au=Takushi+Hachiya%2C+Hitoshi+Sakakibara&amp;rft.btitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&amp;rft.date=2016-12-21&amp;rft.doi=10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferw449&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=erw449" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peng Wang, Zhang-kui Wang, Xi-chao Sun, Xiao-huan Mu, Huan Chen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Interaction effect of nitrogen form and planting density on plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize seedlings</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Integrative Agriculture</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>18</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, Mai 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1120–1129</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119%2818%2961977-X">10.1016/S2095-3119(18)61977-X</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Interaction+effect+of+nitrogen+form+and+planting+density+on+plant+growth+and+nutrient+uptake+in+maize+seedlings&amp;rft.au=Peng+Wang%2C+Zhang-kui+Wang%2C+Xi-chao+Sun%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2019-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS2095-3119%2818%2961977-X&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Integrative+Agriculture&amp;rft.pages=1120-1129&amp;rft.volume=18" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian R. G. A. Blaser, Nicolai Koebernick, Oliver Spott, Enrico Thiel, Doris Vetterlein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dynamics of localised nitrogen supply and relevance for root growth of Vicia faba ('Fuego') and Hordeum vulgare ('Marthe') in soil</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Scientific Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 25.&nbsp;September 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>15776</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72140-1">10.1038/s41598-020-72140-1</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978408?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32978408</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519116/">PMC&nbsp;7519116</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+localised+nitrogen+supply+and+relevance+for+root+growth+of+Vicia+faba+%28%27Fuego%27%29+and+Hordeum+vulgare+%28%27Marthe%27%29+in+soil&amp;rft.au=Sebastian+R.+G.+A.+Blaser%2C+Nicolai+Koebernick%2C+Oliver+Spott%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2020-09-25&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-72140-1&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.pages=15776&amp;rft.pmc=7519116&amp;rft.pmid=32978408&amp;rft.volume=10" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Heuermann, Heike Hahn, Nicolaus von Wirén: <cite style="font-style:italic">Seed Yield and Nitrogen Efficiency in Oilseed Rape After Ammonium Nitrate or Urea Fertilization</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Frontiers in Plant Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>608785</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.608785">10.3389/fpls.2020.608785</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33584751?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33584751</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874180/">PMC&nbsp;7874180</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Seed+Yield+and+Nitrogen+Efficiency+in+Oilseed+Rape+After+Ammonium+Nitrate+or+Urea+Fertilization&amp;rft.au=Diana+Heuermann%2C+Heike+Hahn%2C+Nicolaus+von+Wir%C3%A9n&amp;rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.doi=10.3389%2Ffpls.2020.608785&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=608785&amp;rft.pmc=7874180&amp;rft.pmid=33584751&amp;rft.volume=11" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baobao Pan, Shu Kee Lam, Arvin Mosier, Yiqi Luo, Deli Chen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies: A global synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>232</span>, September 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>283–289</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.019">10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.019</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ureaseinhibitoren&amp;rft.atitle=Ammonia+volatilization+from+synthetic+fertilizers+and+its+mitigation+strategies%3A+A+global+synthesis&amp;rft.au=Baobao+Pan%2C+Shu+Kee+Lam%2C+Arvin+Mosier%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&amp;rft.date=2016-09&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.agee.2016.08.019&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=283-289&amp;rft.volume=232" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Gerok, Christoph Huber, Thomas Meinertz, <a href="Henning_Zeidler" title="Henning Zeidler">Henning Zeidler</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Die innere Medizin: Referenzwerk für den Facharzt.</i> 11. Auflage. Schattauer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-7945-2222-2, S.&nbsp;789</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall L. Stoller, Maxwell V. Meng: <i>Urinary stone disease: the practical guide to medical and surgical management.</i> Humana Press, 2007, ISBN 1-58829-219-3, S.&nbsp;316&nbsp;ff.</span>
</li>
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